Hello is a salutation A salutation is a greeting, in particular a formal greeting used in a letter. Salutations usually take the form "Dear [recipient's given name]". For each style of salutation there is an accompanying style of complimentary close or greeting Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change in the English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of. It is attested in writing as early as the 1830s.

First use

Hello, with that spelling, was used in publications as early as 1833. These include an 1833 American book called The Sketches and Eccentricities of Col. David Crockett, of West Tennessee,^[1] which was reprinted that same year in The London Literary Gazette.^[2]

The word was extensively used in literature by the 1860s.^{[citation needed]}

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press, is a dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. As of December 2008[update], the editors had completed one quarter of a third edition, hello is an alteration of hallo, hollo,^[3] which came from Old High German The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of Old High German proper to 750 for this reason. There "halâ, holâ, emphatic imper[ative] of halôn, holôn to fetch, used esp[ecially] in hailing a ferryman."^[4] It also connects the development of hello to the influence of an earlier form, holla, whose origin is in the French holà (roughly, 'whoa there!', from French là 'there').^[5]

Telephone

The use of hello as a telephone The telephone , commonly referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sound, most commonly the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-point communication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to one another. It is one of the most common household greeting has been credited to Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he; according to one source, he expressed his surprise with a misheard Hullo.^[6] Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone initially used Ahoy (as used on ships) as a telephone greeting.^[7] However, in 1877, Edison wrote to T.B.A. David, the president of the Central District and Printing Telegraph Company of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, located in the United States, is the second largest city in the state and is the county seat of Allegheny County. Its population was 334,563 at the 2000 census; by 2006, it was estimated to have fallen to 312,819. The population of the seven-county metropolitan area is 2,462,571. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial:

Friend David, I do not think we shall need a call bell as Hello! can be heard 10 to 20 feet away.

What you think? Edison - P.S. first cost of sender & receiver to manufacture is only $7.00.

By 1889, central telephone exchange operators were known as 'hello-girls' due to the association between the greeting and the telephone.^[8]

Hullo

Hello may be derived from Hullo, which the American Merriam-Webster Merriam–Webster, which was originally the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language dictionary describes as a "chiefly British variant of hello,"^[9] and which was originally used as an exclamation to call attention, an expression of surprise, or a greeting. Hullo is found in publications as early as 1803.^[10] The word hullo is still in use, with the meaning hello.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}

Hallo

Hello is alternatively thought to come from the word hallo (1840) via hollo (also holla, holloa, halloo, halloa).^[9] The definition of hollo is to shout or an exclamation originally shouted in a hunt when the quarry was spotted:^[9] Fowler's has it that "hallo" is first recorded "as a shout to call attention" in 1864.^[16]

It is used by Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, Romantic, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as for his major prose work Biographia's famous poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 (see 1798 in poetry). Modern editions use a later revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss. Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads, it was a signal written in 1798

And the good south wind still blew behind,

But no sweet bird did follow, Nor any day for food or play Came to the mariners' hollo!

Hallo is also German German (Deutsch, [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Globally, German is spoken by approximately 120 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native speakers, Norwegian Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is the official language. Together with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants (see Danish language), Dutch Dutch ( Nederlands ) is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language and over 5 million people as a second language. Most native speakers live in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, with smaller groups of speakers in parts of France, Germany and several former Dutch colonies. It is closely related to other and Afrikaans Afrikaans is a South African language originating from the Dutch spoken by settlers in Africa in the seventeenth century. Despite the fact that Afrikaans developed in Africa and is unique to the region, it is classified as Low Franconian West Germanic due to the fact that it originates from Dutch. Aside from English, Afrikaans deviates the for Hello.

If I fly, Marcius,/Halloo me like a hare. —Coriolanus (I.viii.7), William Shakespeare William Shakespeare [a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".[b] His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of 38 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, two long narrative

Webster's dictionary Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. The name is derived from lexicographer Noah Webster and has become a genericized trademark for this type of dictionary from 1913 traces the etymology of holloa to the Old English halow and suggests: "Perhaps from ah + lo; compare Anglo Saxon ealā."

According to the American Heritage Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language is an American dictionary of the English language published by Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969. Its creation was spurred by the controversy over the Webster's Third New International Dictionary, hallo is a modification of the obsolete holla (stop!), perhaps from Old French hola (ho, ho! + la, there, from Latin illac, that way).^[17] Hallo is also used by many famous authors like Enid Blyton. Example:"Hallo!", chorused the 600 children.

The Old English verb, hǽlan (1. wv/t1b 1 to heal, cure, save; greet, salute; gehǽl! Hosanna!), may be the ultimate origin of the word.^[18] Hǽlan is likely a cognate of German Heil and other similar words of Germanic origin. Bill Bryson William McGuire "Bill" Bryson, OBE, is a best-selling American author of humorous books on travel, as well as books on the English language and on scientific subjects. Born an American, he was a resident of North Yorkshire, UK, for most of his professional life before moving back to the US in 1995. In 2003 Bryson moved back to the UK and asserts in his book Mother Tongue that "hello" comes from Old English hál béo þu ("Hale be thou", or "whole be thou", meaning a wish for good health).

Cognates

"Hello" is found as a loanword By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept, whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque is a loanword from French in many other languages. It is often only used when answering the telephone, or as an informal greeting.

"Hello, World" computer program

Students learning a new computer programming language will often begin by writing a "Hello, world!" program, which outputs that greeting to a display screen or printer. The widespread use of this tradition arose from an introductory chapter of the book The C Programming Language by Kernighan & Ritchie, which reused the following example taken from earlier memos by Brian Kernighan at Bell Labs:

int main()
{
printf("hello, world");
return 0;
}

Controversy

In 1997, Leonso Canales Jr. from Kingsville, Texas convinced Kleberg County commissioners to designate "heaven-o" as the county's official greeting, on the grounds that the greeting "hello" contains the word "hell", and that the proposed alternative sounds more "positive". "Hello", however, is not etymologically related to "hell".^[19]

Perception of “Hello” in other nations

In some other nations, especially the ones that had little contact with foreigners at the time, Westerners were often viewed as people who constantly said “hello” and little else. Jung Chang describes this view as follows:

"In my mind... foreigners said ‘hello’ all the time, with an odd intonation.... When boys played ‘guerrilla warfare,’ which was their version of cowboys and Indians, the enemy side would have thorns glued onto their noses and say ‘hello’ all the time." —Chang, Jung^[20]

See also

Greetings in other languages

• As-Salamu Alaykum
• Namaste
• Ni hao
• Shalom

References

1. ^ (Anonymous). The Sketches and Eccentricities of Col. David Crockett, of West Tennessee. New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833. p. 144.
2. ^ "The Sketches and Eccentricities of Col. David Crockett, of West Tennessee." The London Literary Gazette; and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c. No. 883: December 21, 1833. p. 803.
3. ^ "Hello." Oxford English Dictionary Online. Second Edition, 1989. Oxford University Press. Accessed 09 Sep 2008.
4. ^ "Hallo." OED Online. Second Edition, 1989. Oxford University Press. Accessed 09 Sep 2008.
5. ^ "holla, int. and n.". OED Online. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
6. ^ Allen Koenigsberg. "The First “Hello!”: Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone – Part 2". Antique Phonograph Magazine, Vol.VIII No.6. http://www.collectorcafe.com/article_archive.asp?article=800&id=1507. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
7. ^ Allen Koenigsberg (1999). "All Things Considered". National Public Radio. http://www2.cs.uh.edu/~klong/papers/hello.txt. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
8. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hello&searchmode=none.
9. ^ ^{a b c} "hullo - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2007-04-25. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hullo. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
10. ^ The Sporting Magazine. London (1803). Volume 23, p. 12.
11. ^ phpBB + phpBB Search Engine Indexer. "Hullo From Orkney". Forum.downsizer.net. http://forum.downsizer.net/archive/hullo-from-orkney__o_t__t_36387.html. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
12. ^ Piers Beckley (2008-04-23). "Writersroom Blog: Hullo again. Did you miss me?". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/writersroom/2008/04/hullo_again.shtml. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
13. ^ Barton, Laura (2005-02-23). "Paris for a day | Technology". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/feb/23/mobilephones.g2. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
14. ^ "Ashes: England v Australia - day one as it happened | Andy Bull and Rob Smyth | Sport | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. 2009-07-16. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/jul/16/ashes-england-australia-live-report. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
15. ^ "BBC SPORT | Football | Europe | Semi-final clash excites fans". BBC News. 2005-04-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4444713.stm. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
16. ^ The New Fowler's, revised third edition by R. W. Burchfield, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198602634, p. 356.
17. ^ "Hello". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.. 2000. http://www.bartelby.com/61/60/H0136000.html. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
18. ^ OEME Dictionaries
19. ^ "Texas town says goodbye to 'hello'". Minnesota Daily. 17 January 1997. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215085841/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/1997/01/17/2982. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
20. ^ Chang, Jung (1991). Wild Swans. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 247.

External links

• Hello in more than 800 languages
• OED online entry for hollo (Subscription)
• Merriam-Webster Dictionary: hollo, hullo

Categories: Greeting words and phrases

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