Prosperity is the state of flourishing, thriving, success, or good fortune. [1] Prosperity often encompasses wealth Wealth is the abundance of valuable resources or material possessions or the control of such assets. The word wealth is derived from the old English wela, which is from an Indo-European word stem. An individual, community, region or country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources is known as wealthy but also includes others factors which are independent of wealth to varying degrees, such as happiness Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources and health At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization , in 1948, health was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
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Competing notions of prosperity
Economic notions of prosperity often compete or interact negatively with health, happiness, or spiritual notions of prosperity. For example, longer hours of work might result in an increase in certain measures of economic prosperity, but at the expense of driving people away from their preferences for shorter work hours.[2] In Buddhism Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an, prosperity is viewed with an emphasis on collectivism Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral, political, or social outlook, that emphasizes the interdependence of every human in some collective group and the priority of group goals over individual goals. Collectivists focus on community and society, and seek to give priority to group rights over individual rights and spirituality Spirituality can refer to an ultimate or immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of their being; or the “deepest values and meanings by which people live.” Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop an individual's inner life; such practices often lead to an. This perspective can be at odds with capitalistic Capitalism typically refers to an economic and social system in which the means of production are privately controlled; labor, goods and capital are traded in a market; profits are distributed to owners or invested in new technologies and industries; and wages are paid to labor notions of prosperity, due to their association with greed.[3] Data from social surveys show that an increase in income Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. However, for households and individuals, "income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests payments, rents and other forms of earnings received... in a given period of time." does not result in a lasting increase in happiness; one proposed explanation to this is due to hedonic adaptation and social comparison, and a failure to anticipate these factors, resulting in people not allocating enough energy to non-financial goals such as family life and health.[4]
Debate over economic growth
Economic growth Economic growth is a term used to indicate the increase of per capita gross domestic product or other measure of aggregate income. It is often measured as the rate of change in GDP. Economic growth refers only to the quantity of goods and services produced is often seen as essential for economic prosperity, and indeed is one of the factors that is used as a measure of prosperity. The Rocky Mountain Institute The Rocky Mountain Institute is an organization in the United States dedicated to research, publication, consulting, and lecturing in the general field of sustainability, with a special focus on profitable innovations for energy and resource efficiency. RMI was established in 1982 and has grown into a broad-based institution with 85 staff and an has put forth an alternative point of view, that prosperity does not require growth, claiming instead that many of the problems facing communities are actually a result of growth, and that sustainable development Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. The term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as requires abandoning the idea that growth is required for prosperity.[5][6] The debate over whether economic growth is necessary for, or at odds with, human prosperity, has been active at least since the publication of Our Common Future Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development and was published in 1987 in 1987, and has been pointed to as reflecting two opposing worldviews.[7]
Synergistic notions of prosperity
Many distinct notions of prosperity, such as economic prosperity, health, and happiness, are correlated In statistics, correlation and dependence are any of a broad class of statistical relationships between two or more random variables or observed data values or even have causal Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event (the effect), where the second event is a consequence of the first effects on each other. Economic prosperity and health are well-established to have a positive correlation, but the extent to which health has a causal effect on economic prosperity is unclear. There is evidence that happiness is a cause of good health, both directly through influencing behavior and the immune system An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own healthy cells and tissues in order to function, and indirectly through social relationships, work, and other factors.[8] One study which advances a holistic definition of prosperity is the Legatum Prosperity Index The Legatum Prosperity Index is an annual ranking developed by the Legatum Institute of 104 countries, according to a variety of factors including wealth, economic growth, personal wellbeing, and quality of life. Finland topped the list of the 2009 report.
Ecological perspectives
In ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Ecology includes the study of plant and animal populations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization, prosperity can refer to the extent to which a species flourishes under certain circumstances.[9][10]
References
- ^ "prosperity." Dictionary.com "Definition of Prosperity". Random House, Inc. 09 & Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. February 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prosperity "prosperity." Dictionary.com. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Cowling, Keith (July 2006). "Prosperity, Depression and Modern Capitalism". Kyklos 59 (3): 369–381. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00337.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118560998/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
- ^ Gottlieb, Roger S. (2003). Liberating Faith. Rowman and Littlefield. http://books.google.com/?id=6GHM_9ktdyoC.
- ^ Easterlin, Roger A. (Sep. 2003). "Explaining happiness". Proceeding of the National Academy of Science 100: 11176. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1073/pnas.1633144100. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/19/11176.full.
- ^ Kinsley, Michael J. (1997). "Sustainable development: Prosperity without growth". Rocky Mountain Institute. http://www.mtnforum.org/oldocs/407.pdf.
- ^ Kinsley, Michael J.; Lovins, L. Hunter. "Paying for Growth, Prospering from Development". Rocky Mountain Institute. http://www.rmi.org/images/other/EconRenew/ER96-15_Paying4Growth.pdf.
- ^ Verstegen, S. W.; Hanekamp, J. C. (Dec 2005). "The sustainability debate: Idealism versus conformism—the controversy over economic growth". Globalizations 2 (3): 349. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1080/14747730500367843. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a741648744~db=all.
- ^ Argyle, Michael (Dec. 1997). "Is happiness a cause of health?". Psychology & Health 12 (6): 769. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1080/08870449708406738. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a788689265~db=all.
- ^ Klimes, F.; Turek, F. (February 1984). "The prosperity and stability of clovers in intensive grassland at higher altitudes (Lathyrus pratensis, species composition, fertilization)". Plant ecology 30 (2). ISSN An International Standard Serial Number is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication. The ISSN system was adopted as international standard ISO 3297 in 2007. The ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the standard 0035-8371. http://www.fao.org/agris/search/display.do?f=./1984/v1004/CS8400848.xml;CS8400848.
- ^ Davis, J. S.; Lipkin, Y. (Sep. 1986). Sciences "Lamprothamnium prosperity in permanently hypersaline water". Swiss Journal of Hydrology 48 (2): 240. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1007/BF02560200. ISSN An International Standard Serial Number is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication. The ISSN system was adopted as international standard ISO 3297 in 2007. The ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the standard 1420-9055. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b1682080kk47h2w4/journal=Aquatic Sciences.
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